The five continuum of care criteria that should accompany rectal artesunate interventions: lessons learned from an implementation study in Malawi

25 Mar 2023
Monique S. Olif, Pamela Muniina, Kenneth Babigumira, John Phuka, Hans Rietveld, John Sande, Humphreys Nsona, and Maud M. Lugand

Abstract

Background
Rectal artesunate (RAS) is a World Health Organization (WHO) recommended intervention that can save lives of children 6 years and younger sufering from severe malaria and living in remote areas. Access to RAS and a referral system that ensures continuity of care remains a challenge in low resource countries, raising concerns around the value of this intervention. The objective of this study was to inform RAS programming, using practical tools to enhance severe malaria continuum of care when encountered at community level.

Methods
A single country two-arm-controlled study was conducted in Malawi, where pre-referral interventions are provided by community health workers (CHWs). The study populations consisted of 9 and 14 village health clinics (VHCs) respectively, including all households with children 5 years and younger. CHWs in the intervention arm were trained using a feld-tested toolkit and the community had access to information, education, and communication (IEC) mounted throughout the zone. The community in the control arm had access to routine care only. Both study arms were provided with a dedicated referral booklet for danger signs, as a standard of care.

Results
The study identifed fve continuum of care criteria (5 CoC Framework) to reinforce RAS programming: (1) care transitions emerged as to be dependent on a strong cue to action and proximity to an operational VHC with a resident CHWs; (2) consistency of supplies assured the population of the VHC’s functionality for severe danger signs management; (3) comprehensiveness care ensured correct assessment and dosing; (4) connectivity of care between all tiers using the referral slip was feasible and perceived positively by caregivers and CHWs and (5) communication between providers from diferent points of care. Compliance was high throughout but optimized when administered by a sensitized CHW. Over 93% experienced a rapid improvement in the status of their child post RAS.

Conclusion
RAS cannot operate within a vacuum. The impact of this lifesaving intervention can be easily lost, unless administered as part of a system-based approach. Taken together, the 5CC Framework, identifed in this study, provides a structure for future RAS practice guidelines.